The Psychology Of The Human Nervous System

Main article: History of neuroscience Illustration from Gray's Anatomy of a lateral view of the human brainfeaturing the hippocampus among other neuroanatomical features The earliest study of the nervous system dates to ancient Egypt. Trepanationthe surgical practice of either drilling or scraping a hole into the skull The Psychology Of The Human Nervous System the purpose of curing head injuries or mental disordersor relieving cranial pressure, was first recorded during the Neolithic period.

Manuscripts dating to BC indicate that the Egyptians had some knowledge about symptoms of brain damage. In Egyptfrom the late Middle Kingdom onwards, the brain was regularly removed in preparation for mummification. It was believed at the time that the heart was the seat of intelligence. According to Herodotusthe first step of mummification was to "take a crooked piece of iron, and with it draw out the brain through the nostrils, thus getting rid of a portion, while the skull is cleared of the rest by rinsing with drugs. He believed that the brain was not only involved with sensation—since most specialized organs e.

The Golgi stain first allowed for the visualization of individual neurons. Luigi Galvani 's pioneering work in the late s set the stage for studying the electrical excitability of muscles and neurons. In the first half of the 19th century, Jean Pierre Flourens pioneered the experimental method of carrying out localized lesions of click at this page brain in living animals describing their effects on motricity, sensibility and behavior.

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In Emil du Bois-Reymond demonstrated the electrical nature of the nerve signal, [14] whose speed Hermann https://modernalternativemama.com/wp-content/custom/essay-service/research-paper-writing.php Helmholtz proceeded to measure, [15] and in Richard Caton found electrical phenomena in the cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys.

The procedure used a silver chromate salt to reveal the intricate structures of individual neurons. In parallel with this research, work with brain-damaged patients by Paul Broca suggested that certain regions of the brain were responsible for certain functions. At the time, Broca's findings were seen as a confirmation of Franz Joseph Gall 's theory that language was localized and that certain psychological functions were localized in specific areas of the cerebral cortex.

Carl Wernicke further developed the theory of the specialization of specific brain structures in language comprehension and production. Modern research through neuroimaging techniques, still uses the Brodmann cerebral cytoarchitectonic map referring to study of cell structure anatomical definitions from this era in continuing to show that distinct areas of the cortex are activated in the execution of specific tasks.

Schmittand Stephen Kuffler as having played critical roles in establishing the field.

During the same period, Schmitt established a neuroscience research program within the Biology Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technologybringing together biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. The first freestanding neuroscience department then called Psychobiology was founded in at the University of California, Irvine by James L. For example, inAlan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley presented a mathematical model for transmission of electrical signals in neurons of the giant axon of a squid, which they called " action potentials ", and how they are initiated and propagated, known as the Hodgkin—Huxley model.

In —, Richard FitzHugh and J. InBernard Katz modeled neurotransmission across the space between neurons known as synapses. Beginning inEric Kandel and collaborators examined biochemical changes in neurons associated with learning and memory storage in Aplysia. Such increasingly quantitative work gave rise to numerous biological neuron models and models of neural computation. As a result of the increasing interest about the nervous system, several prominent neuroscience organizations have been formed to provide a forum to all neuroscientists during the 20th century.

For example, the International Brain Research Organization was founded in[25] the International Society for Neurochemistry in[26] the European Brain and Behaviour Society in[27] and the Society for Neuroscience in The Psychology Of The Human Nervous System has allowed neuroscientists to study the nervous system in all its aspects: how it is structured, how it works, how it develops, how it malfunctions, and how it can be changed.

For example, it has become possible to understand, in much detail, the complex processes occurring within a single here. Neurons are cells specialized for communication. They are able to communicate with neurons and other cell types through specialized junctions called synapsesat which electrical or electrochemical signals can be transmitted from one cell to another.]

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