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First-run syndication[ edit ] In first-run syndication, a program is broadcast for the first time as a syndicated show.

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Often it is made specifically to sell directly into syndication [1] not any one particular networkor at least first so offered in a given country programs originally created and broadcast outside the US, first presented on a network in their country of origin, have often been first-run syndicated in the US and in some other countries. Off-network syndication[ edit ] In off-network syndication, a program that originally aired on network television or, in some cases, first-run syndication is licensed for local broadcast on individual stations. Reruns are usually found on stations affiliated with smaller networks like Fox or the CW, especially since these networks broadcast one less hour of prime time network programming than the Big Three television networks and far less network-provided daytime television only one hour for The CW, none at all for Fox.

A show usually enters off-network syndication when it has built up about four seasons' worth or between 80 and episodesthough for some genres the number could be as low as When syndicating a show, the production companyor a distribution company called a syndicator, attempts to license the show to one station in each media market or area, or to a commonly owned station group, within the country and internationally. If successful, this can be lucrative, but the syndicator may only be able to license the show in a small percentage of the markets. Syndication differs from licensing the show to dissertation services cheap television network.

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Once a network picks up a show, it is usually guaranteed to run on most or all the network's affiliates on the same day of the week and at the same time in a given time zone, in countries where this is a concern. Some production companies create their shows and license them to networks at a loss, at least at first, hoping that the series will succeed and that eventual off-network syndication will turn a profit for the show. The trade of program for airtime is called " barter.

TV markets such as New York CityLos AngelesChicago and Philadelphiawhere all five aforementioned groups each own stationsbefore striking deals with other major and smaller station owners. Shows airing in first-run syndication that are carried primarily by an owned-and-operated station of a network may sometimes be incorrectly referenced as a network program, especially if said network's syndication wing distributes the program, regardless to its distribution to stations of varying network affiliations and despite the fact it is not part of an individual network's base schedule.

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Since the early ssome programs being proposed for national distribution in first-run syndication have been test marketed on a selected number of or all click here owned by certain major station group, allowing the distributor to determine whether a national roll-out is feasible based on the ratings accrued in the selected markets where the program is being aired.

Very often, series that are aired in syndication have reduced running times. For example, a standard American sitcom runs 22 minutes, but in syndication it may be reduced to 20 minutes to make room for more commercials. Syndication can take the form of either weekly or daily syndication. Game shows, some "tabloid" and entertainment news shows, and talk shows are broadcast daily on weekdays, while most other first-run syndicated shows are broadcast on a weekly basis and are usually aired on weekends only.

Big discussion occurred in the s and s about whether previously aired episodes of a show could become syndicated while new episodes of it continued to air on its original network. There had been much opposition to this idea and it was generally viewed to lead to the death of the show. However, licensing a program for syndication actually resulted in the this listing was ended by the seller because the item is no longer available. popularity for shows that remained in production. In the early days of television, this was less of an issue, as there were in most markets fewer TV stations than there were networks at the time fourwhich meant that the stations that did exist affiliated with multiple networks and, when not airing network or local programs, typically sign-on and sign-off. The loosening of licensing restrictions, and the subsequent passage of the All-Channel Receiver Actmeant that by the early s, the situation had reversed.

There were now more stations than the networks, now down to three after the failure of the DuMont Television Networkcould serve. Some stations were not affiliated with any network, operating as independent stations. Both groups sought to supplement their locally produced programming with content that could be flexibly scheduled. The development of videotape and, much later, enhanced satellite downlink access furthered these options. While most past first-run syndicated shows were shown only in syndication, some canceled network shows continued to be produced for first-run syndication or were revived for syndication several years after their original cancellation.

Until aboutmost syndicated series were distributed to stations either on 16mm film prints off-network reruns, feature films, and cartoons or videotape topical series such as the talk shows of Mike Douglas and Merv Griffinand variety and quiz shows. Ziv Television Programsafter establishing itself as a major radio syndicator, was the first major first-run television syndicator, creating several long-lived series in the s and selling them directly to regional sponsors, who in turn sold the shows to local stations.

Ziv had the foresight to film the Cisco Kid series in color, even though color TV was still in its infancy and most stations did not yet support the technology. Some first-run syndicated series were picked up by networks in the s and early s, such as the Adventures of Superman and Mr. The networks began syndicating their reruns in the late s, and first-run syndication shrank sharply, for a decade.

Some stalwart series continued, including Death Valley Days ; other ambitious projects were also to flourish, however briefly, such as The Play of the Week —produced by David Susskind of the syndicated talk show Open End and also producer of such network fare as NYPD. In addition to the Adventures of Superman, many other series were based on comic strips and aimed at the juvenile audience, including Flash GordonDick TracySheena, Queen of the Jungleand Joe Palooka. Several of these were co-productions between U. Hushand others.]

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