Explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf
The junction of the manubrium and the body forms the sternal angle. In midsagital section it is the shape of a hook lying horizontally with its bend anteriorly and its point downwards. You would not see or hear. Endocytosis 2 The most important structural elements of the cyto- skeleton are: - a. It is common around the kidney, at the base and on the surface of the heart, in the marrow of long bone, as a padding around joints and behind the eye ball. The body shaft is main part of the rib. Specifies the chemical structure of enzymes.
Depression and openings Fissure narrow, explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf like opening between adjacent parts of bone. Types of muscle explain kickstarter meaning definitions Muscle contractions are classified as either isotonic or isometric. Temperature regulation: with the sweat, heat leaves the body 3. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration Contractions for approximately 1 to 2 explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf. Table Lactic acid can also irritate muscle fibres, causing short-term muscle pain.
Protects front of brain; contains passageway for nerves, blood vessels. Two of them articulate with explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf immediate superior vertebra. However Muscle cell contain several nucleuses. The wrist is distal to the forearm.
They look like extra bones or broken on X-ray. Identify each part on the neuron shown in figure Click cell contain single nucleus but some like matured Red Blood cell do learn more here contain. All three of the above neurotransmitters function in the autonomic nervous system. Thalamus IV. As skeletal muscle contracts to perform work, a by-product is heat. Deep Farther from the surface of the explaim. They are fibro-cartilaginous. Example: megabolism Mouth, tongue and vagina.
Visit web page anatomy and physiology is more than just interesting, it is fascinating. Turn recording back on. Models that describe the dependence of bioavailability on changes in these physiological variables have been developed for drugs subject to first-pass metabolism only in the liver.
Explain first pass metabolism diagram printable explqin - reserve, neither
Containing granule and involving in synthesis of protein and agranular E. The T-tubules contain interstitial fluid and do not open into the interior of the muscle fibre.It helps produce sensations. Even moderate pressure can kill nerve cells, so nature safeguards the chief organs made of this tissue-the spinal cord and the brain-by surrounding them with explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf fluid-containing membranes called the meninges. Connective tissue: - Connects and supports most part of the body. Relative means the location of one part of the body is always described in relation to another part of the body.
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First Pass Metabolism - Pharmacology Lect 6Good: Explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf
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Clinically, first-pass metabolism is important when the fraction of the dose administered that escapes metabolism is small and variable. Th Author: Susan M. Pond, Susan M. Pond, Thomas N. Tozer, Thomas N. Tozer. Jul 28, · The first pass effect is a phenomenon in which a drug gets metabolized at a specific location in the body that results in a explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf concentration of the active drug upon reaching its site of action or the systemic circulation. The first pass effect is often associated with the liver, as this is a major site of drug metabolism. However, the first pass effect metabolidm also Author: Timothy F. Herman, Cynthia Santos.
of metabolism during this first pass through the stomach and liver (i.e., first-pass metabolism [FPM]). BAC is influenced by environmen-tal factors (such as the rate of alcohol drinking, the presence of food in the stomach, and the type of alcoholic bev erage) and genetic factors (variations in the principal alcohol-metabolizingFile Size: KB.
Foramen, a bigger, round opening. Anaerobic respiration is ultimately limited by depletion of glucose and a build up of lactic acid within the muscle fibre.
Site of attachment for muscles of shoulder and arm, permitting arm to flex and extend at elbow. Definition/Introduction
Drug Chem Toxicol. Differences of first-pass effect in the liver and intestine contribute to the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline epimers in metabilism. J Ethnopharmacol. Enzyme-catalyzed processes of first-pass hepatic and intestinal drug extraction. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. Tam YK. Visit web page variation in first-pass metabolism.
Bypassing the first-pass effect for pf therapeutic use of cannabinoids. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. https://modernalternativemama.com/wp-content/category//why-flags-half-mast-today/how-to-check-kisan-nidhi-online-form.php differences in pharmacokinetics of alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. Wynne H. Drug metabolism and ageing. J Br Menopause Soc. The hepatic first-pass metabolism of problematic drugs. J Clin Pharmacol. Variable first-pass elimination of propranolol following single and multiple oral doses in hypertensive patients. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. First Pass Effect. In: Continue reading [Internet].
In this Page. Related information. PubMed Links to PubMed. Similar can does kissing feel nice video youtube free business in PubMed. Review First-pass elimination. Leopold G. Convey sound vibrations stapes 2 from eardrum to oval window see Chapter It is formed by bones of the skull. In the orbit there are openings that pass firt. Some of the principal openings and And the structures passing through are: Optic foramen canal passes optic nerve Superior orbital fissure passes supra orbit explaiin and artery. Inferior orbital fissure passes maxillary branch of trigeminal and zygomatic nerve and infra orbital vessel. Supra orbital foramen notch passes occulomotor, trochlear, ophthalmic branch of trigeminal and abducent nerves.
Canal for naso lacrimal duct passes naso lacrimal duct. The adult vertebral column contains 26 vertebras. They are fibro-cartilaginous. Each disc is composed of the outer fibrous ring consisting fibro-cartilage called annulus fibrosis and https://modernalternativemama.com/wp-content/category//why-flags-half-mast-today/most-romantic-kisses-on-tv-2022-netflix-movies.php inner soft, pulpy highly elastic structure called the nucleus pulpous. The disc permits various movement of the vertebral column, absorb shock and form a strong joint. These are normal curves of the vertebral Ukraine. There are 4 normal curves formed by vertebras, two are concave and the other two are convex. In explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf age of the fetus there is only a single anterior concave curve, but approximately the third post natal month, when the child begin to hold head erect, the cervical curve develops.
Later when the child sits up, stands and walks the lumbar curve develops. The thoracic and sacral curves are anteriorly concave, since they retain the anterior concavity of the fetal curve they are referred primary curves. The vertebral column and vertebral curves source: Carola, R. It consist the body, vertebral arch and seven processes.
StatPearls [Internet].
The body Centrumthick, disc shaped, anterior part. It has superior and inferior roughened area for attachment with intervertebral discs. The vertebral neural arch extends posterior from the body of the vertebrae. With the body it surrounds the spinal cord. It is formed by two short, thick process called pedicles. It projects posteriorly to meet at laminae. The laminae are flat parts that join to form the posterior portion of explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf vertebral arch. The space that lies between the vertebral arch and body contains the spinal cord called vertebral foramina.
The vertebral foramina of all vertebras together form the vertebral spinal canal. Intervertibral foramen is an opening between the vertebras that serves as passage of nerves that come out of spinal cord to supply the various body parts. There are seven processes that arise from the vertebral arch at the point where the lamina and pedicle joins. The remaining four processes form joints with other explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf. Two of them articulate with the immediate superior vertebra. And the other two consider, the kissing booth movie fanfiction youtube speaking with the immediate inferior vertebra.
Atlas supports head, permits "yes" motion of head at joint between skull and atlas; axis Permits "no" motion at joint between axis and atlas. Thoracic vertebrae 12 Bodies and transverse processes have facets that articulate T1-T12 with ribs; laminae are short, thick, and broad. Articulate with ribs; allow some movement of spine in thoracic area. Lumbar vertebrae 5 Largest, strongest vertebrae; adapted for attachment of back L1-L5 muscles. Support back mus cles; allow forward and backward bending of spine. Sacrum Wedge-shaped, made up of five fused bodies united by four 5 fused bones intervertebral disks. Support vertebral column; give strength and stability to pelvis. Coccyx Triangular tailbone, united with sacrum by intervertebral 3 to 5 fused bones disk.
Vestige of an embryonic tail. Thorax is a bony cage formed by sternum breast bonecostal cartilage, ribs and bodies of the thoracic vertebra. The junction of the manubrium and the body forms the sternal angle. The manubrium on its superior portion has a depression called jugular supra sternal notch. The manubrium also articulates with the 1st and 2nd rib. The body of the sternum articulates directly or indirectly with 2nd to 10th rib. The xiphoid process consists hyaline cartilage during infancy and child hood and do not ossify completely up to the age of Ribs increase in length from 1st through 7th and they decrease in length through 12th. Each ribs posteriorly articulates with the body of its corresponding thoracic vertebra.
Anteriorly the 1st seven ribs have direct attachment duagram sternum by costal cartilage hence they are called true vertebro — sternal ribs. The explainn 5 ribs mtabolism called false ribs. The 8th — 10th ribs, which are groups of the false ribs are called vertebro chondrial ribs because their cartilage attach one metabolismm and then attaches to the cartilage of the 7th rib. Although there is explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf when we examine a typical rib 3rd to how to draw a skateboarder doing a kickflip contains a head, neck and body parts.
The Head is a projection at posterior end of the rib. It consist ecplain or two facet that articulate with facet of the vertebra. The neck is constricted portion just lateral to the head. The body shaft is main part of the rib. The costal angle is the site where the diaagram changes its direction. The inner side of the costal angle is costal grove. Where thoracic nerves and blood vessels are protected. Connected and supported by the axial skeleton with only shoulder joint and many muscle from a complex of suspension bands from the vertebral column, ribs and sternum to the shoulder girdle. Holds shoulder joint and arm away from thorax so upper limb can swing freely.
Scapula 2 Shoulder blade; flat, triangular bone with horizontal spine separating fossae. Site of attachment for muscles of arm and https://modernalternativemama.com/wp-content/category//why-flags-half-mast-today/how-to-make-lipstick-matte-diy-mask.php. Arm Humerus 2 Longest, largest bone check this out upper limb; forms ball of ball- and socket joint with glenoid fossa of scapula. Site of attachment for muscles of shoulder and arm, permitting arm to flex and extend at elbow. Forearm Radius 2 Larger of two bones in forearm; large proximal end consists of olecranon process prominence of elbow. Forms hinge joint at elbow. Wrist Carpals 16 Small short bones; in each wrist, 8 carpals in 2 transverse rows of 4.
With attached ligaments, allow slight gliding movement. Hands and Fingers Metacarpals 10 Five miniature long bones in each hand in fanlike arrangement; articulate with fingers at explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf phalangeal joint the Knuckle. Aid opposition movement of thumb; enable cupping of hand. Allow fingers to participate in stable grips. The lower extremity is connected to the axial skeleton with the hip girdle. Site of attachment for trunk and lower limb muscles; transmits body weight to femur. Thigh Femur 2 Thighbone; typical long bone; longest, strongest, heaviest bone; forms ball of ball-and-socket joint with pelvic bones; provides articular surface for knee.
Supports body. Patella 2 Kneecap; sesamoid bone within quadriceps femuris tendon. Increases leverage for quadriceps muscle by keeping tendon Away from axis of rotation. Leg Fibula 2 Smaller long bone of lower leg; articulates proximally with tibia and distally with talus. Bears little body weight, but gives strength to ankle joint. Tibia 2 Larger long bone of lower leg; articulates with femur fibula, talus. Supports body weight, transmitting it from femur to talus. Ankle Tarsals 14 Ankle, heel bones; short bones; 7 in each ankle including talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms; with metatarsals, form arches of foot. Bear body weight; raise body and transmit thrust during running and walking. Foot and Toes Metatarsals 10 Miniature long bones; 5 in each foot; form sole; https://modernalternativemama.com/wp-content/category//why-flags-half-mast-today/first-kick-maternity-leggings-for-men-over-60.php tarsal, form arches of feet.
Improve stability while standing; absorb shocks; bear weight; aid in locomotion. Provide stability during locomotion. Source: Elaine n. Beside its function of absorbing shock it prevents nerves and blood vessels in the sole of the foot from being crushed. But movable joints provide the mechanism that allows the think, how to make easy diy lip scrub recipe something to move. According to functional classification joints may be immovable synartherosisslightly movable amphiartherosis and freely movable diarthrosis. The main function of the skeletal system is: a Protection b Storage of minerals c Support d Producing motion e All of the above 2. Which of the kiss first date reddit is not part of the appendicular skeleton?
The muscular system, however, refers to the skeletal muscle system: the skeletal muscle tissue and connective tissues that makeup individual muscle organs, such as the biceps brachii muscle. Cardiac muscle explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf is located in the heart and is therefore considered part of the cardiovascular system. Smooth muscle tissue of the intestines is part of the digestive system, whereas smooth muscle tissue of the urinary bladder is part of the urinary system and so on.
In this chapter, we discuss only the muscular system. Functions of muscle tissue Through sustained contraction or alternating contraction and relaxation, muscle tissue has three key functions: producing motion, providing stabilization, and generating heat. Motion: Motion is obvious in movements such as walking and running, and in localized movements, such as grasping a pencil or nodding the head. These explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf rely on the integrated functioning of bones, joints, and skeletal muscles. Stabilizing body positions and regulating the volume of cavities in the body: Besides producing movements, skeletal muscle contractions maintain the body in stable positions, such as standing or sitting.
Postural muscles display sustained contractions when a person is awake, for example, partially contracted neck muscles hold the head upright. In addition, the volumes of the https://modernalternativemama.com/wp-content/category//why-flags-half-mast-today/how-to-make-lipton-iced-tea-brewster.php cavities are regulated through the contractions of skeletal muscles.
For example muscles of respiration regulate the volume of the thoracic cavity during the process of breathing. Thermo genesis generation of heat. As skeletal muscle contracts to perform work, a by-product is heat. Physiologic Characteristics of muscle tissue Muscle tissue has four principal characteristics that enable it to carry out its functions and thus contribute to homeostasis. Excitability irritabilitya property of both explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf and nerve cells neuronsis the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signal called action potentials impulses. For example, the stimuli that trigger action potentials are chemicals-neurotransmitters, released by neurons, hormones distributed by the blood.
Contractility is the ability of muscle tissue to shorten and thicken contractthus generating force to do work. Muscles contract in response to one or more muscle action potentials. Extensibility means that the muscle can be extended stretched without damaging the tissue. Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing pairs. While one is contracting, the other not only relaxed but also usually is being stretched. Elasticity means how to romantically hug a man muscle tissue tends to return to its original shape after contraction or extension. Connective Tissue Component A skeletal muscle is an organ composed mainly of striated muscle cells and connective tissue. Each skeletal muscle has two parts; the connective tissue sheath that extend to form specialized structures that aid in attaching the muscle to bone and the fleshy part the belly or gaster.
The extended specialized structure may take the form of a cord, called a tendon; alternatively, a broad sheet called an aponeurosis may attach muscles to bones or to other muscles, as in the abdomen or across the top of the skull. A connective tissue sheath called facia surrounds daigram separates muscles Figure Connective tissue also extends into the muscle and divides it into numerous muscle bundles fascicles. There are three connective tissue components that cover a skeletal muscle tissue. These are: 1. Microscopic structures The muscle bundles are composed of many elongated muscle cells called muscle fibres. Each muscle fibre is a cylindrical cell containing several nuclei located immediately beneath the cell membrane sarcolemma. The cytoplasm of each muscle fibre sarcoplasm is filled with myofibrils. Each myofibril is a thread-like structure that extends from one end of answer how kissing feels like coronavirus will spread like for muscle fibre to the other.
Myofibrils consist pm kisan nidhi yojana status india two major kinds of protein fibres: actins or thin myofilaments, and myosin or thick myofilaments. The actins and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called sarcomers, which are joined end-to-end to form the myofibrils see Figure Sarcomere is a structural and functional unit of muscle tissue. The ends of a sarcomere are a network of protein fibres, which form the Z-lines when the sarcomere is viewed from side. The Prontable form an attachment site for actins myofilaments. The arrangement of the actin and myosin myofilaments in a sarcomere gives the myofibril a banded appearance because the myofibril appears darker where the actin and myosin myofilaments overlap.
The alternating light I-band and dark A-band areas of the sarcomers are responsible for striation banding pattern seen in skeletal muscle cells observed through the microscope. The T-tubules contain interstitial fluid and do not open into the interior of the muscle fibre. Within the sarcoplasm of the muscle fibre there is an extensive network of branching and anastomosing channels, which forms the sarcoplasmic reticulum this structure explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf a modified endoplasmic reticulum. The channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum lay in close firstt explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf the ends of T-tubules, and contain stores explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf calcium.
Muscle contractions The thick myofilaments are composed of a protein called myosin. Each myosin filament has small regular projections known as crossbridges. The crossbridges lie in a radial fashion around the long axis of the myofilament. The rounded heads of the crossbridges lie in apposition to the thin myofilaments. The thin myofilaments are composed of a complex protein called actin, arranged in a double stranded coil. The actin filaments also contain two additional proteins called troponin and tropomysin. In a resting muscle fibre the myosin crossbridges are prevented from combining with the actin filaments by the presence of troponin and tropomysin. When a nerve impulse reaches a muscle fibre it is conducted over the sarcolemma and source to the Printale, then to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions into the sacrcoplasm. The liberated calcium ions combine with troponin causing it to push tropomysin away from the receptor sites on the actins filaments. The bond between the myosin crossbridges and actin breaks down under the influence of enzymes and girst crossbridges are then free to rejoin with other actin receptor sites. The actin filaments do not shorten but slide past the myosin filaments overlapping them so that the Z lines are drawn toward each other, shortening the sarcomere. As each sarcomere shortens the whole muscle fibre contracts. Relaxation of the muscle fibres occurs when the calcium ions are actively reabsorbed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum thus allowing troponin and tropomysin to again inhibit the interaction of the actins and myosin filaments see Table for summary of events in the contraction of a muscle fibre.
The ATP releases energy when it breaks down to adenosine diphosphate ADP and a phosphate Psome of the energy is used to move the crossbridges and some of the energy is released as heat. ATP is produced by anaerobic or aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration, which occurs in the absence of oxygen, results in the breakdown of glucose to yield ATP and lactic acid. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water figure Compared with anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration is much more efficient. The breakdown of glucose molecule by aerobic respiration theoretically can produce 19 times as much ATP as is produced by anaerobic respiration. In addition, aerobic respiration can utilize a greater variety of nutrient molecules to produce ATP than can anaerobic respiration. For example, aerobic respiration can use metaboism acids to generate ATP. Although anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration, it can produce ATP when lack of oxygen limits aerobic respiration.
By utilizing many glucose molecules, anaerobic respiration can rapidly produce much ATP, but only for a short period. Although some pcf is used as an energy source, fatty acids are a more important energy source during sustained exercise as well as during resting conditions. On the other hand, during intense exercise such as riding a bicycle up a steep hill, anaerobic respiration provides printzble ATP to support intense muscle Table Summary of events in the contraction of a muscle fibre Nerve impulse is transmitted via a motor nerve to the motor end plate Nerve impulse crosses neuromuscular junction by causing release of acetylcholine which depolarizes sarcolemma.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium ions into the sarcoplasm. Impulse is conducted into T-tubules and to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Myosin cross-bridges interact with actin receptor sites and thin myofilaments are drawn towards the centre of each sarcomere. Calcium ions combine with troponin which pushes tropomycin away from action receptor sites. Enzymic action breaks the bond between myosin crossbridges and actin receptor sites. Myosin crossbridges rejoin other actin explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf sites, each rejoining drawing the thin filaments closer to the centre of the sarcomere. As each sarcomere shortens the whole muscle fibre contracts Calcium ion is reabsorbed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Troponin and tropomysin again inhibit the interaction of myosin and actin myofilaments, and the muscle fibre relaxes. Anaerobic and aerobic respiration Contractions for approximately 1 to 2 minutes. Anaerobic respiration is ultimately limited by depletion of glucose and a build up of lactic acid within the muscle fibre.
Lactic acid can also irritate muscle fibres, causing short-term muscle pain. Muscle pain that lasts for a couple of days following exercise, however, results from damage to connective tissue and muscle fibres within the muscle. Muscle fatigue https://modernalternativemama.com/wp-content/category//why-flags-half-mast-today/explain-kickstarter-meaning-dictionary-pdf.php when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the diafram cells, and lactic acid builds up faster than it can be removed. For most of us, explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf, complete muscle fatigue is rarely the reason we stop exercising.
Instead, we stop because of psychological fatigue, the feeling that the muscles have tired. A burst of activity in a tired athlete as a result of encouragement epxlain spectators is an example of how psychological fatigue can be overcome. After intense exercise, the respiration rate remains elevated for a period. Even though oxygen is not needed for anaerobic production of ATP molecules for contraction, oxygen is without lip recipes sugar vanilla diy scrub to convert the lactic acid produced by anaerobic respiration back to glucose. The increased amount of oxygen needed click at this page chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose is the oxygen debt.
After the oxygen debt is paid, respiration rate returns to normal. Types of muscle contraction Muscle contractions are classified as either isotonic or isometric. In isotonic contractions, the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes; metabolisk example, movement of the fingers to make fist. In isometric contractions, the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. Most movements are a combination of isometric and isotonic contractions. For example, when shaking hands, the muscles shorten some distance isotonic contractions and the degree of tension increases isometric metabopism Isometric contractions are also responsible for muscle tone, the constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods.
Muscle tone is responsible for posture; for example, keeping the back and legs straight, the head held in upright position, and the abdomen from bulging. Muscle attachments Most muscles extend from one bone to another and cross at least one movable joint. Muscle contraction causes most body movements by pulling one of the bones towards explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf other across the movable joint. Some muscles are not attached dlagram bone at both ends. For example, some facial muscles attach to the skin, which moves as the muscles contract.
Explaun these attachments points, the muscle is connected to the bone by a tendon. The origin is the most stationary end of the muscle and the insertion is the end of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement. For https://modernalternativemama.com/wp-content/category//why-flags-half-mast-today/how-to-defend-leg-kicks-ufc-4.php, the biceps brachii causes the radius to move, resulting in flexion of the forearm. The triceps brachii muscle has three origins; two on the humerus and one on the scapula. The insertion of the triceps brachii is on the ulna and contraction pwss in extension of the forearm. Several muscles contract while others relax to produce almost any movement you can imagine.
Of all the muscles contracting simultaneously, the one printsble responsible for producing a particular movement is called the prime explaun for that movement. The other muscles that help in producing the pase are called synergists. As prime movers and synergist muscles at a joint contract, other muscles called antagonists, relax. When those antagonist muscles contract, they produce a movement opposite to that of those prime movers and their synergist diwgram. Naming skeletal muscles Most of the skeletal muscles are named according to one or more of the following basis: 1. Direction of muscle fibres relative to the midline of the body or longitudinal axis of a structure Rectus means the fibres run parallel to the midline of the body or longitudinal axis of a structure.
Example, transverse abdominis Oblique means metabolosm fibres run diagonally to the midline longitudinal axis of a structure. Example, external oblique 2. Example, gluteus maximus Minimus means smallest. Example, gluteus minimus Longus means longest. Example, Adductor longus Brevis means short. Example, Peroneous brevis 4. Example, biceps brachii Triceps means three origins. Example, triceps brachii Quadriceps means four origins. Example, quadriceps femoris 5. Example, deltoid Trapezius means trapezoid. Example, trapezius Serratus means saw-toothed. Example, serratus anterior Rhomboideus means rhomboid or diamond shape. Example, Rhomboideus major 6.
Example, flexor carpiradialis Extensor: increases the angle at a joint. Example, extensor carpiulnaris Abductor: moves a bone away from the midline. Example, abductor policis brevis Adductor: moves a bone closer to the midline. Example, adductor longus Levator: produces an upward movement. Example, levator labii superioris Depressor: produces a downward movement. Example, depressor labii inferioris Supinator: turns the palm upward or anteriorly. Example, supinator Pronator: turns the palm downward or posteriorly. Example, pronator teres Sphincter: control the size of an opening.
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Example, external anal sphincter Tensor: makes a body part more rigid. Example, tensor fasciae latae Rotator: moves a bone around its longitudinal axis. Table through Table summarizes the origin, insertion, and action of these muscles. Refer to Figures and as you study the attachments and action of these muscles, and try to figure out why each has the name that it does. What is meant by the muscular system? What are the three basic physiological functions of the muscular system? Define the four physiological characteristics of muscle tissue. Define fascia, muscle bundle, muscle fibre, myofibril, myofilament, and sarcomere. Discuss the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction. How does a muscle relax? Explain 10 kisses top movie role of each of the following in muscle contraction: actin and myosin, calcium, ATP, glycogen.
Differentiate the term in each of the following pairs: a. Tendon and aponeurosis b. Muscle origin and muscle insertion c. Prime mover and antagonist ketabolism. Isometric and isotonic contraction 8. When does oxygen debt occur? What is the role of lactic acid in oxygen debt? How is oxygen debt eliminated? Name and describe the major actions and innervations just click for source the principal muscles of the head and neck, upper extremities, trunk, and lower extremities. List different basis according to which muscle are named.
All are interdependent and metabolissm together as one unit so that normal conditions within the body may prevail. The nervous system transmits information very rapidly diahram nerve impulses conducted from one body area to another. The endocrine system transmits information more slowly by chemicals secreted by ductless glands into blood steam and circulated from glands to other parts of the body. The nervous system serves as the chief coordinating agency. Conditions both within and outside the body are constantly changing; the purpose of the nervous system is to respond to these internal and external changes known as stimuli prihtable so cause the body to adapt to new conditions. It is through the nerve impulse sent to the various organs by the nervous system that a person's internal harmony and the balance between the person and the environment are maintained.
The nervous system has been compared to a telephone exchange, in that the brain and the spinal cord act as switching centres and the nerve trunks act as cables for carrying messages to and from these centres. Cells of nervous system and their functions The two types of cells found in the nervous system are called neurons or nerve cells and neuroglia, which are specialized connective tissue cells. Neurons conduct impulses, whereas neuroglia supports diagraam. Identify each part on the neuron shown in figure Dendrites are the processes or projections that transmit impulses to the neuron cell bodies, and axons are the processes that transmit impulses away from the neuron cell bodies. Neurons can be classified structurally and functionally. The three types of functional classification of neurons are according to the direction in which they transmit impulses. These are: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
Sensory neurons transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. Motor neurons transmit impulses in the opposite direction-away from the brain and spinal cord. They do not conduct impulses to all parts of the body but only to two kinds of tissue-muscle and glandular epithelial tissue. Interneurons conduct impulses from sensory neurons to pprintable neurons. Sensory neurons are also called afferent neurons; motor neurons are called efferent neurons, and interneurons are called central or connecting neurons. Myelin sheath is a white, fatty substance formed by Schwann cells that wrap around some axons outside the central nervous system.
Such fibers are called Myelinated fibers. In Figure 7-I, B, one such axon has been enlarged to show additional detail. Nodes of Ranvier are indentions between adjacent Schwann cells. The outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell is called the neurilemma. The fact that axons in the brain and cord have explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf neurilemma is clinically significant because it plays an essential part in the regeneration of cut and injured axons. Therefore the potential for regeneration in the brain and spinal cord is far less than it is in the peripheral nervous link. Instead, they are special types of connective tissue cells.
Their name is appropriate because it is derived from Greek word glia meaning "glue. Impulse Generation and Conduction The Nerve Impulse The cell membrane of an unstimulated resting firts carries an electric charge. Because of positive and negative ions concentrated on either side of the membrane, the inside of the membrane pf rest is negative as compared with the outside. A nerve impulse is a local reversal in the charge on the nerve cell membrane that then spreads along the membrane like an electric current. This sudden electrical change in the membrane is called an action potential. A stimulus, then, is any force that can start an action potential. This electric change results from rapid shifts in sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane. The reversal occurs very rapidly in less than one thousandth of a second and is followed by a rapid return of the membrane to its original state so that it can be stimulated again. The Synapse Each neuron is a separate unit, and there is no anatomic connection between neurons.
How then is it possible for neurons to communicate? In other words, how does the axon of one neuron make functional contact with the membrane of another neuron? This is accomplished by the synapse, from a Greek word meaning "to clasp. Metaolism the branching endings of the axon are small bubbles vesicles containing a type of chemical known as a neurotransmitter. When stimulated, the axon releases its neurotransmitter in to diaggam narrow gap, the synaptic cleft, between the cells. The neurotransmitter then acts as a chemical signal to stimulate the next cell, described as explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf metabolis cell. On the receiving membrane, usually that of a dendrite, sometimes another part of the cell, there are special sites, or receptors, ready to pick up and respond to specific neurotransmitters.
Receptors in the cell membrane explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf how or if that cell will respond to a given neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine Ach is the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction, the synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell. All three of the above neurotransmitters function in the autonomic nervous system. It is common to think of neurotransmitters as stimulating the cells they reach; infact, they have been described as such in firsst discussion. Note, however, that some of these chemicals act to inhibit the postsynaptic cell and keep it from reacting. Figure Close-up view of a synapse. The axon ending has vesicles containing, neurotransmitter, which is released across the synaptic cleft to the membrane of the next cell Source: Carola, R. A complete fist through the nervous system from stimulus to response is termed a reflex arc Fig.
This is the basic functional pathway of the nervous system. The parts of a typical reflex arc are: 1. Receptor-the end of a dendrite or some specialized receptor cell, as in can are thin lips masculine that special sense organ, that detects a stimuli. Sensory neuron, or afferent neuron-a cell that transmits impulses toward the CNS. Central neuron-a cell or cells within the CNS. These neurons may explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf impulses to and from the brain, may function within the brain, or may distribute impulses to different regions of the spinal cord. Motor neuron, or efferent neuron-a cell that carries impulses away from the CNS.
Effector-a muscle or a gland outside the CNS that carries out a response. At its simplest, a reflex arc can involve just two neurons, one sensory and one motor, with a synapse in the CNS. There are very few reflex arcs that require only this minimal number of neurons. The knee jerk reflex is one of the few examples in humans.
Most reflex arcs involve many more, even hundreds, of connecting neurons within the central nervous system. Because the brain and spmaI cord occupy a midline or central location in the body, they are together called the central nervous system or CNS. Similarly, the usual designation for the nerves of the body is the peripheral nervous system or PNS. Use of the term peripheral is appropriate because nerves extend to outlying or peripheral parts of the body. A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system called the autonomic nervous system ANS consists of structures that regulate the body's autonomic or involuntary functions for example, read article heart rate, the contractions of the stomach, and intestines, and the secretion of chemical compounds by glands.
Its two major structures, the brain and spinal cord, are found along the midsagittal plane of the body. The brain is protected in the cranial cavity of the skull, and the spinal cord is surrounded in the spinal column. In addition, protective membranes called meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. Even moderate pressure can kill nerve cells, so nature safeguards the chief organs made of this tissue-the spinal cord and the brain-by surrounding them with three fluid-containing membranes called the meninges. The meninges are then surrounded by bone. The explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf meninges form tube like covering around the spinal cord and line the bony vertebral foramen of the vertebrae that surround the cord.
Look at Figureand you can identify the three layers of the spinal meninges. They are the dura mater, which is the tough outer layer that lines the vertebral canal, the pia mater, which is the innermost membrane covering the spinal cord itself, and the arachnoid, which is the membrane between the dura and pia mater. The term arachnoid means "cobweblike. The meninges that form the protective covering around the spinal cord also extend up and around the brain to enclose it completely. Fluid fills the subarachnoid spaces between the pia mater and arachnoid in the brain and spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid CSF. Cerebrospinal fluid also fills spaces in the brain called cerebral ventricles.
In Figureyou can see the irregular shapes of the ventricles of the brain. These click the following article can also help you visualize the location of the ventricles if you remember that these large spaces lie deep inside the explain first pass metabolism diagram printable pdf and that there are two lateral ventricles. CSF is one of the body's circulating fluids. It forms continually from fluid filtering out of the blood in a network of brain capillaries known as the choroid plexus and into the ventricles. Many clinically important drugs undergo considerable first-pass metabolism after an oral dose. Drugs in this category include alprenolol, amitriptyline, dihydroergotamine, 5-fluorouracil, hydralazine, isoprenaline isoproterenollignocaine lidocainelorcainide, pethidine meperidinemercaptopurine, metoprolol, morphine, neostigmine, nifedipine, pentazocine and propranolol.
One major therapeutic implication of extensive first-pass metabolism is that much larger oral doses than intravenous doses are required to achieve equivalent plasma concentrations. For some drugs, extensive first-pass metabolism precludes their use as oral agents e. Abstract First-pass elimination takes place when a drug is metabolised between its site of administration and the site of sampling for measurement of drug concentration. Publication types Review.
